Early Modern Period

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The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly ... The early modern period also saw the rise and beginning of the dominance of the ...
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The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western Europe and its first colony which spans the two centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution. The early modern period is characterized by the rise to importance of science and increasingly rapid History of technology, secularized civic politics and the nation state. capitalist economy began their rise, beginning in northern Italy republics such as Genoa. The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. As such, the early modern period represents the decline and eventual disappearance, in much of the European sphere, of Christian theocracy, feudalism and serfdom.

The period includes the Reformation, the disastrous Thirty Years' War, the European colonization of the Americas and the peak of the European witch-hunt craze.

When was the early modern period? The beginning of the early modern period is not clear-cut, but is generally accepted to be in the late 15th century or early 16th century. Significant dates in this transitional phase from medieval to early modern Europe can be noted:

1447: The invention of the first European movable type printing process by Johannes Gutenberg, a device that fundamentally changed the circulation of information. Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words and which is an invention separate from the printing press, had also been invented in, but not known outside of, China.
1453: Fall of Constantinople by the Ottomans signalled the end of the Byzantine empire; the Battle of Castillon concluded the Hundred Years War.
1485, England: The last Plantagenet king, Richard III of England, was killed at Battle of Bosworth Field and the medieval civil wars of aristocratic factions gave way to early modern Tudor dynasty monarchy, in the person of Henry VII of England.
1492, Spain: The first documented European voyage to the Americas by the Italy-Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus; the end of the Reconquista, with the final expulsion of the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula; the Spanish government Alhambra decree.
1494, France, Italy: French king Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, drastically altering the status quo and beginning a series of wars which would punctuate the Italian Renaissance.
1513: First formulation of modern politics with the publication of Machiavelli's The Prince.
1517: The Reformation begins with Martin Luther nailing his 95 theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg, Germany.
1545: The Council of Trent marks the end of the medieval Roman Catholic Church.

The end date of the early modern period is variously associated with the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in about 1750, or the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, which drastically transformed the state of European politics and ushered in the Napoleonic Era and modern Europe.

Difference between 'early modern' and the Renaissance The expression "early modern" is sometimes, and incorrectly, used as a substitute for the term Renaissance. However, "Renaissance" is properly used in relation to a diverse series of cultural developments; which occurred over several hundred years in many different parts of Europe—especially central and northern Italy—and span the transition from late Medieval civilization and the opening of the early modern period.

The term early modern is most often applied to Europe, and its overseas empire. However, in Japan, the Edo period from 1590 to 1868 is also sometimes referred to as the early modern period.

Political Powers

Habsburg Spain
Habsburg Monarchy
Dutch republic
Early Modern Britain
Early Modern France
History of Italy during foreign domination and the unification
Early Modern Romania
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Kingdom of Hungary